Trends in the availability of comprehensive services within outpatient substance use treatment facilities from 2018 to 2022

Background: Little is known regarding the extent to which substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities adopt comprehensive services to meet patients’ medical and social needs. Objective: To examine trends in the availability of comprehensive services within outpatient SUD treatment facilities from 2018 to 2022. Methods: We used data from the Mental Health and Addiction Treatment Tracking Repository, a national database of SUD treatment facilities (n = 13,793). We examined the availability of four domains of comprehensive services and four types of SUD treatment services from 2018 to 2022. We conducted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression predicting the availability of a comprehensive service model (defined as having at least one service from each service domain), controlling for organizational and community characteristics. Results: Comprehensive services were increasingly offered from 2018 to 2022. In unadjusted and adjusted models, facilities which were externally accredited (OR: 1.50; 95%CI: 1.30–1.74), accepted Medicaid (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.30–1.74), performed community outreach (OR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.80–2.33), provided naloxone and overdose education (OR: 3.50; 95%CI: 3.06–3.99), had a robust SUD treatment infrastructure (OR: 2.33; 95%CI; 2.08–2.62), and were located in a county with a lower percentage of White residents (OR: 0.99; 95%CI: 0.99–0.99), a higher percentage of residents in poverty (OR: 1.02; 95%CI: 1.00–1.03), and the Northeast compared with the South (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.01–1.45), had significantly higher odds of adopting a comprehensive service model. Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of factors reflecting experience with organizational change efforts and enhanced external support. Policymakers working to enhance the uptake of comprehensive services should focus on obtaining the financial and technical support necessary to develop these models.