@article{3dc49007af2e46318fbdff9b395b04ef,
title = "Tropical teleconnection impacts on Antarctic climate changes",
abstract = "Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general Antarctic-wide expansion of sea ice, followed by a more recent rapid loss. Although these changes, featuring strong zonal asymmetry, are partially influenced by increasing greenhouse gas emissions and stratospheric ozone depletion, tropical–polar teleconnections are believed to have a role through Rossby wave dynamics. In this Review, we synthesize understanding of tropical teleconnections to the Southern Hemisphere extratropics arising from the El Ni{\~n}o–Southern Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, focusing on the mechanisms and long-term climatic impacts. These teleconnections have contributed to observed Antarctic and Southern Ocean changes, including regional rapid surface warming, pre-2015 sea ice expansion and its sudden reduction thereafter, changes in ocean heat content and accelerated thinning of most of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, due to limited observations and inherent model biases, uncertainties remain in understanding and assessing the importance of these teleconnections versus those arising from greenhouse gases, ozone recovery and internal variability. Sustained pan-Antarctic efforts towards long-term observations, and more realistic dynamics and parameterizations in high-resolution climate models, offer opportunities to reduce these uncertainties.",
author = "Xichen Li and Wenju Cai and Meehl, {Gerald A.} and Dake Chen and Xiaojun Yuan and Marilyn Raphael and Holland, {David M.} and Qinghua Ding and Fogt, {Ryan L.} and Markle, {Bradley R.} and Guojian Wang and Bromwich, {David H.} and John Turner and Xie, {Shang Ping} and Steig, {Eric J.} and Gille, {Sarah T.} and Cunde Xiao and Bingyi Wu and Lazzara, {Matthew A.} and Xianyao Chen and Sharon Stammerjohn and Holland, {Paul R.} and Holland, {Marika M.} and Xiao Cheng and Price, {Stephen F.} and Zhaomin Wang and Bitz, {Cecilia M.} and Jiuxin Shi and Gerber, {Edwin P.} and Xi Liang and Hugues Goosse and Changhyun Yoo and Minghu Ding and Lei Geng and Meijiao Xin and Chuanjin Li and Tingfeng Dou and Chengyan Liu and Weijun Sun and Xinyue Wang and Chentao Song",
note = "Funding Information: This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0605700). X.Li is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1509100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 41676190 and no. 41825012), and the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CXPT2020015). G.A.M. was supported by the Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of Earth and Environmental System Modeling in the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) via National Science Foundation IA 1947282 and by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement no. 1852977. X.Y. is supported by the LDEO endowment for this work. M.R. is supported by the National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs (grant no. NSF-OPP-1745089). D.M.H. is supported by the Center for Global Sea Level Change (CSLC) of NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute (G1204) in the UAE and NSF PLR-1739003. Q.D. is supported by Climate Variability & Predictability (NA18OAR4310424) as part of NOAA{\textquoteright}s Climate Program Office. R.L.F. was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. U.S. NSF PLR-1744998. B.R.M. was supported, in part, by a Stanback Postdoctoral Fellowship. D.H.B. was supported by the U.S. NSF award OPP-1823135. S.P.X. was supported by the National Science Foundation (AGS-2105654, AGS-1934392 and AGS-1637450). S.T.G. was supported by the U.S. NSF awards PLR-1425989 and OPP-1936222, and by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (award DE-SC0020073). M.A.L. is supported by the Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation grant (no. 1924730). X.Chen is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1509100) and the National Science Foundation of China (no. 41825012). S.E.S. was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. U.S. NSF PLR-1440435. M.M.H. was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. U.S. NSF OPP-1724748. S.F.P. is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research programme. Z.W. is supported by China National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC) project nos. 41941007 and 41876220. E.P.G. is supported by the NSF grant AGS-1852727. H.G. is a research director within the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS. C.Y. is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (grant NRF-2019R1C1C1003161). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, Springer Nature Limited.",
year = "2021",
month = oct,
doi = "10.1038/s43017-021-00204-5",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "2",
pages = "680--698",
journal = "Nature Reviews Earth and Environment",
issn = "2662-138X",
publisher = "Springer Nature Switzerland AG",
number = "10",
}