TY - JOUR
T1 - Waveform of free, hinged and clamped axonemes isolated from C. reinhardtii
T2 - influence of calcium
AU - Gholami, A.
AU - Ahmad, R.
AU - Bae, A. J.
AU - Pumir, A.
AU - Bodenschatz, E.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s).
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - The beating of cilia and flagella is essential to perform many important biological functions, including generating fluid flows on the cell surface or propulsion of micro-organisms. In this work, we analyze the motion of isolated and demembranated flagella from green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which act as ATP-driven micro-swimmers. The beating flagella of Chlamydomonas exhibit an asymmetric waveform that is known to involve the superposition of a static component, corresponding to a fixed, intrinsic curvature, and a dynamic wave component traveling from base-to-tip at the fundamental beat frequency, plus higher harmonics. Here, we analyse free, hinged and clamped axonemes using principal component analysis. The axonemal motion is described with a high degree of accuracy, taking into account only the first four dominant eigenmodes. Our analysis suggests that the wave motion can be alternatively described with Fourier modes, with a wavelength λ, larger than the length of the filament L (λ/L ≈ 1.3). Within this representation, we demonstrate that the main base-to-tip traveling wave component coexists with standing waves. Finally, we report the effect of calcium on the constituting wave components and find that the static mode is the most sensitive component to the calcium ion concentration.
AB - The beating of cilia and flagella is essential to perform many important biological functions, including generating fluid flows on the cell surface or propulsion of micro-organisms. In this work, we analyze the motion of isolated and demembranated flagella from green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which act as ATP-driven micro-swimmers. The beating flagella of Chlamydomonas exhibit an asymmetric waveform that is known to involve the superposition of a static component, corresponding to a fixed, intrinsic curvature, and a dynamic wave component traveling from base-to-tip at the fundamental beat frequency, plus higher harmonics. Here, we analyse free, hinged and clamped axonemes using principal component analysis. The axonemal motion is described with a high degree of accuracy, taking into account only the first four dominant eigenmodes. Our analysis suggests that the wave motion can be alternatively described with Fourier modes, with a wavelength λ, larger than the length of the filament L (λ/L ≈ 1.3). Within this representation, we demonstrate that the main base-to-tip traveling wave component coexists with standing waves. Finally, we report the effect of calcium on the constituting wave components and find that the static mode is the most sensitive component to the calcium ion concentration.
KW - boundary conditions
KW - chlamydomonas reinhardtii
KW - effect of calcium
KW - flagella wave dynamics
KW - principal component analysis
KW - standing waves
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U2 - 10.1088/1367-2630/ac688d
DO - 10.1088/1367-2630/ac688d
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85132342510
SN - 1367-2630
VL - 24
JO - New Journal of Physics
JF - New Journal of Physics
IS - 5
M1 - 053025
ER -